A man of many talents, Desmond Adolphus Dacres, a.k.a. Dekker was a native of Kingston, Jamaica's capital, where he was The musician's popularity waned in the late '70s and '80s, and Dekker was declared bankrupt in 1984. Desmond Dekker, was born in Jamaicas Saint Andrew Parish on July 16, 1941, and was an early influencer with one of the earliest reggae hits, Israelites. The ska, reggae and rock steady singer, songwriter and musician was introduced to music through the local church he attended as a child. an ex-wife and a son and daughter, but Dekker was mourned by several park one day, was a homage to Jamaica's underclass, who were still introduced Marley to the record label executives who shaped his own But that song was treated as a novelty. the Jamaican charts. Dekker, whose 1969 hit Israelites was the first reggae song to top the UK charts, collapsed at his Surrey home. Jamaican Ska Star Desmond Dekker Dies - Billboard [2] A gold record was presented by Ember Records, the distributors of Dekker's recordings.[2]. Desmond Dekker (16 July 1941 - 25 May 2006) was a Jamaican ska, rocksteady and reggae singer-songwriter and musician. His fans included the Beatles, who namechecked him in the lyrics to It was also a hit for Musical Youth in 1983. [3], In 1968 Dekker's "Israelites" was released, eventually topping the UK Singles Chart in April 1969 and peaking in the top ten of the US Billboard Hot 100 in June 1969. He had been due to perform at the Respect Festival in Prague on 2 June, and numerous dates across Europe . , May 27, 2006, p. A11; "I saw him live dozens of times and he couldn't do a bad show - he was always magnificent.". their ska-inflected hit "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da." Ironically although he went to worldwide fame his former welding colleague Marley never had a UK number one. in Leeds just two weeks before his death. UK reissue of this two CD collection by the Reggae/Ska legend. Desmond Adolphus Dacres was born in Saint Andrew Parish (Greater Kingston), Jamaica, on 16 July 1941. 63K views 4 years ago A reggae hit in 1969 for Desmond Dekker and the Aces. [2] While at St. Thomas, Dekker embarked on an apprenticeship as a tailor before returning to Kingston, where he became a welder. [1] The group came to the attention of Dekker, who supported them when they auditioned for Leslie Kong at Beverley's studio in 1965. An instrumental figure in the development of ska and its slightly mellower cousin, rocksteady, Dekker was also one the first reggae performers to break big in the U.K., laying the groundwork for that country's late 1970s 2 Tone movement. The 2016 - current line up of musicians for Desmond Dekker's band the Aces featuring Delroy Williams & Guests. Photo Highlights: Protoje takes Hope Gardens A Matter of Time Live, The Top 100 Reggae Songs From 1962 2017. In 1975 "Israelites" was re-released and became a UK top 10 hit for a second time. It's Not Easy 3. Dekker still performed regularly, and gave what would be his final concert But his success started to wane by the end of the 70s and early 80s and he was declared bankrupt in 1984. "007 (Shanty Town)" has been called "the most enduring and archetypal" rude boy song. For Once in My Life (Missing Lyrics) 10. In 1967 he appeared on Derrick Morgan's "Tougher Than Tough", which helped begin a trend of popular songs commenting on the rude boy subculture which was rooted in Jamaican ghetto life where opportunities for advancement were limited and life was economically difficult. The Aces, originally known as The Four Aces, were a Jamaican vocal group who are best known for their work with Desmond Dekker. [7], "007" was Dekker's first international hit. 1969. Other hits include "007", "It Mek" and "You Can Get It If You Really Want". But while Mr. Dekker kept up a busy performing career, the death of Mr. Kong in 1971 ended his streak of hits. And the higher ones wanted to bulldoze the whole thing down and do their own thing and the students said no way. LONDON (AP) - Desmond Dekker, who brought the sound of Jamaican ska music to the world with hits such as "Israelites," has died, his manager said Friday. jazz elements, combined with such local forms as calypso and mento and Dekker became associated with bluebeat, a more uptempo Born Desmond Adolphus Dacres, July 16, c. 1941, in Kingston, Jamaica; died of a heart attack, May 25, 2006, in London, England. He briefly had an apprenticeship as a tailor before working as a welder. [2] The Aces continued to record under their own name (without Dekker) and had a Jamaican hit in 1970 with "Mademoiselle Ninette". He was due to perform at the Respect festival in Prague on June 2, before heading on to Switzerland, Ireland, Poland, Belgium and London. 007: The Best of Desmond Dekker is a two-disc collection that features 25 classic hits from Dekker's catalog, as well as another 25 rare and unreleased sides including alternate takes of some of the artist's fan favorites of the '60s and '70s. Musical pioneer Desmond Dekker dominated Jamaica's pop charts in the 1960s, and became one of his country's first recording stars to achieve wider renown. Dekker recorded on the Pyramid record label, and when its catalogue was acquired by Cactus Records in 1975, "Israelites" was re-issued in a first-time stereo mix. Left to earn a living on his own, he apprenticed as a welder. For the secondary James Bond theme, see, O'Brien Chang, Kevin & Chen, Wayne (1998), Soundtrack for the ages: 40 Years of Harder They Come, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=007_(Shanty_Town)&oldid=1099693912, This page was last edited on 22 July 2022, at 03:53. Many of his It was one of the first reggae songs to become an international hit, despite Dekker's strong Jamaican accent which made his lyrics difficult to understand for many listeners outside Jamaica.[10]. He died after collapsing from a heart attack at his home in Surrey, England, his manager, Delroy Williams, told Reuters. [8] The single was a number one hit in Jamaica and reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart, making it the first Jamaican-produced record to reach the UK top 20. "The Israelites," with its biblical imagery of suffering and redemption, showed the world reggae's combination of danceable rhythm and serious, sometimes spiritual intentions. Desmond Dekker was born on July 16, 1941. When Maxell used Israelites in a TV commercial, it propelled Dekker and his music back into the spotlight. [1], The original recording of "007" (without the 'Shanty Town') was produced by Leslie Kong and originally released as a single on the Pyramid label. Other successes included 007 (Shanty Town) and Rude Boy Train, which established him as an icon of Jamaica's 1960s rude boy scene - the ska subculture of sharp-suited urban youth who lead violent invasions of dancehall parties. On the 22 August 1970 edition of American top 40, Casey Kasem claimed that Dekker had more than 40 #1 records in Jamaica. This was the sense used in the song's lyrics, which metaphorically tell of the problems that happens when someone (such as a lover) goes too far. He had been due to perform at the Respect Festival in Prague on 2 June, and numerous dates across Europe during the summer. Dekker spent his early formative years in Kingston, the capital of Jamaica. Steffens told Stewart in the [2] Dekker composed the song after overhearing an argument: "I was walking in the park, eating popcorn. What sweet nanny goat a go run him belly good. [2] The single featured Roland Alphonso's "El Torro" on the B-side.[2]. [2], The disc was released in the UK in March 1969 and was #1 for one week, selling over 250,000 copies. the film introduced Jamaica's vibrant musical culture to the rest Despite "Israelites" being recorded and released in 1968, the Uni 45 discography shows its cataloguing in 1969. Privacy Policy & Terms of use. of the world. In 1990 "Israelites" was used in a Maxell TV advert that became popular and brought the song and artist back to the attention of the general public. Its title and lyrics refer to the cool imagery of films such as the James Bond series and Ocean's 11, admired by "rudies". And it just get out of controlIs just a typical riot 'cause I say - Them a loot, them a shoot, them a wail. Dekker's next album, Compass Point (1981), was produced by Robert Palmer. Chicago Tribune It was also a hit for Musical Youth in 1983. Along with Bob . Dekker was born on 16 July 1941 in Kingston, Jamaica, and began his working life as a welder before turning to singing full-time. "It was an exciting time in He was 64. , May 27, 2006, p. B17; of musicians and producers Dekker cut two more albums, gangsters they saw in Hollywood films. "When he released Israelites nobody had heard of Bob Marley - he paved the way for all of them.". 2 in the UK charts. 1 in Jamaica. The movie's hero, played by Jimmy Cliff, sang it this time, and Potentially because of this usage, the song charted again, entering the Billboard Digital Reggae Song Sales Chart at #2.[15]. Roll Call"). Ostensibly a reissue of his 1969 U.K. LP of 1966-1968 recordings, which had . Despite declining sales, Dekker remained a popular live performer and continued to tour with The Rumour. He was He recorded an album called Black & Dekker (1980), which featured his previous hits backed by The Rumour, Graham Parker's backing band and Akrylykz (featuring Roland Gift, later of Fine Young Cannibals). Copyright Simbis Inc.All rights reserved. Dekker had also begun working on new material with the production duo Bruce Anthony in 1974. [8] King of Kings consists of songs by Dekker's musical heroes including Byron Lee; Theophilus Beckford, Jimmy Cliff, and his friend and fellow Kong label artist, Derrick Morgan. I don't think anyone knew how close we were - we go back so far. Like many of Mr. Dekker's songs, it carried a message. Although newcomers should be directed to Trojan's 1997 best-of, The Original Rude Boy, among the many retrospectives, fans of Dekker and original Jamaican ska, rocksteady, and founding reggae are well served by this narrowly focused CD. [3] In Dekker's words: "The students had a demonstration and it went all the way around to Four Shore Road and down to Shanty Town. The vocal melody is syncopated and is centred on the tone of B flat. [11] In 1984 he was declared bankrupt. This was followed by the release of the tracks "Sinners Come Home" and "Labour for Learning". "Israelites" is a song written by Desmond Dekker and Leslie Kong that became a hit for Dekker's group, Desmond Dekker & The Aces,[2] reaching the top of the charts in numerous countries in 1969. Desmond Dekker, who has died of a heart attack aged 64 in Surrey, was one of the first Jamaican vocalists to make a significant impact outside the land of his birth. [1] Kong employed the group as backing singers for Dekker and they can be heard on the song "Get Up . By the end of the decade, Mr. Dekker had won the Golden Trophy award, presented annually to Jamaica's top singer, five times and was known as the King of Bluebeat. In 1975 this collaboration resulted in the release of "Sing a Little Song", which charted in the UK top twenty; this was to be his last UK hit. In 1962 "Judge Not" and "One Cup Of Coffee" became the first recorded efforts of Marley, who retained gratitude, respect and admiration for Dekker for the rest of his life. A man of many talents, Desmond Adolphus Dacres, a.k.a. "I was telling people not to give up as things will get better," he said in a interview last year for the Set the Tone 67 Web site. "The Israelites" reached No. He also collaborated on a remix of "Israelites" with reggae artist Apache Indian. This double disc set features every major UK and Jamaican chart hit by the first King of Reggae, all sourced from the original analog master tapes. His mother had passed away from a young age. Mr. Dekker had a total of 20 No. Track Listing - Disc 1 Track Listing - Disc 2 blue highlight denotes track pick Previously divorced, he was survived by a son and daughter. With a younger generation Three years later, Mr. Dekker had his first British Top 20 hit with "007 (Shanty Town)," a tale of rude-boy ghetto violence "Dem a loot, dem a shoot, dem a wail" sung in a thick patois, which Americans would hear later as part of the soundtrack to the film "The Harder They Come" in 1972. His impact on music, record-company veteran Roger Intensified is an album by Desmond Dekker & the Aces released in 1970. The Jamaican rhythm of ska had already generated hits in the United States, notably Millie Small's 1964 hit, "My Boy Lollipop." Dekker's last gig was in Leeds on 11 May (Photo: egigs.co.uk), Dekker's hits included Israelites, It Mek and 007 (Shanty Town), The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites, BBC Radio 2's Mark Lamarr pays tribute to Desmond Dekker. Desmond Dekker, the Jamaican singer whose 1969 hit, "The Israelites," opened up a worldwide audience for reggae, died on Wednesday. He was a Jamaican Ska, Rocksteady and Reggae singer. Compass Point Dekker wrote the song after watching news coverage of a student demonstration against government plans to build an industrial complex on land close to the beach, which descended into violence. Rock it to me, children. Anyone can read what you share. The themes of Dekker's songs during the first four years of his career dealt with the moral, cultural and social issues of mainstream Jamaican culture: respect for one's parents ("Honour Your Mother and Father"), religious morality ("Sinners Come Home") and education ("Labour for Learning"). A string of Jamaican hits followed, including "It Pays," "Sinners Come Home" and "Labour for Learning." "007 (song)" redirects here. which Dekker admitted was the result of a swindle by his former manager. of the island," wrote teens had found work as a welder. When he released Israelites nobody had heard of Bob Marley - he paved the way for all of them.". [3], In 1961 he auditioned for Coxsone Dodd (Studio One) and Duke Reid (Treasure Isle), though neither audition was successful. a year later. A few [3] In 1972 the rude boy film The Harder They Come was released and Dekker's "007 (Shanty Town)" was featured on the soundtrack along with Cliff's version of "You Can Get It If You Really Want", as well as other Jamaican artists' hits, giving reggae more international exposure and preparing the way for Bob Marley. . Together with his backing group The Aces, he had one of the earliest international reggae hits with "Israelites". years earlier, when both worked as welders in Kingston, and Dekker The music began As a teenager he worked in a welding shop alongside Bob Marley and auditioned unsuccessfully for various producers until Mr. Marley encouraged him to try out for his own first producer, Leslie Kong. The most successful track of his The 1 in Britain and made him a household name He died on 24 May 2006 in Thornton Heath, London, England, UK. Desmond Dekker (16 July 1941 - 25 May 2006) [1] was a Jamaican ska, rocksteady and reggae singer-songwriter and musician. Dekker was responsible for bringing Bob Marleys talents to the attention of Kong and the two had several successful collaborations. Thomas. It Mek (sometimes appearing as "A It Mek" or German language "It Miek") was a 1969 hit song by the Jamaican musicians Desmond Dekker & the Aces. His lyrics drew Incudes 'Israelites', '007 (Shanty Town)', 'It Miek', 'You Can Get It If You Really Want' and 'Sing a Litte Song'. Me said a it mek - mek you pop yu bitta gall. be eclipsed by another Jamaican, reggae artist Bob Marley. Paul McCartney slipped Mr. Dekker's first name into the lyrics to the Beatles' ska song, "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da," on "The Beatles" (also known as the White Album) in 1968, the year Mr. Dekker moved to England. characterised by a fast, metronomic tempo and a strongly accented Dekker was the first Jamaican artist to have a hit record in the US with Jamaican-style music. [1] Little more was heard from the group until 1982 when they released "One Way Street". But in 1984 Mr. Dekker declared bankruptcy, blaming his former manager. version of ska. My Father lived with his Grandmother along with his Father in Kingston. Too Much Too Soon 6. This early religious upbringing, as well as Dekker's enjoyment of singing hymns, led to a lifelong religious commitment. Jamaican singer and musician, Desmond Dekker pictured wearing white trousers and a white cowl neck tunic and sitting on a stool circa 1969. It hit #1 in the United Kingdom,[12] the Netherlands, Jamaica, South Africa, Canada, Sweden and West Germany. Mr. Kong produced Mr. Dekker's first single, "Honour Thy Father and Mother," in 1963, and it reached No. List of number-one singles from the 1960s (UK), List of 1960s one-hit wonders in the United States, "Israelites / The Man - Desmond Dekker & The Aces", "Desmond Dekker & The Aces, Beverley's All Stars - Poor Me Israelites / Fly Right", Desmond Dekker and the Aces Israelites", The Irish Charts Search Results Israelites", "Desmond Dekker & the Aces: Artist Chart History", "Desmond Dekker The Aces Chart History (Hot 100)", Offiziellecharts.de Desmond Dekker and the Aces Israelites", "British single certifications Desmond Dekker & The Aces Israelites", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israelites_(song)&oldid=1134128754, Short description is different from Wikidata, Single chart usages for Belgium (Flanders), Single chart usages for Belgium (Wallonia), Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom, Pages using certification Table Entry with streaming figures, Pages using certification Table Entry with streaming footnote, Articles with MusicBrainz release group identifiers, Articles with MusicBrainz work identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, "My Precious World (The Man)" by Beverley's All Stars, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 03:48. [13], Dekker had two more UK Top 10 hits over the next year, "It Miek" and his cover of Jimmy Cliff's song "You Can Get It If You Really Want". After being re-released in June 1969, the single reached number 7 in the UK Singles Chart. The two had met May 25, 2006 - Desmond Dekker was born Desmond Adolphus Dacres on July 16th 1941 in Saint Andrew Parrish, Kingston, Jamaica. He died after collapsing from a heart attack at. [3], Only a single live album was released in the late '80s. In 1970 Dekker released "You Can Get It If You Really Want", written by Jimmy Cliff, which reached No. Desmond Dekker unleashed a flood of fine singles across the '60s and early '70s, all under the aegis of producer Leslie Kong.Taking a chance on an untried youngster barely into his teens, who'd already been shown the door by Coxsone Dodd and Duke Reid, Kong nurtured Dekker to international stardom, only to die suddenly in 1971, two years after the singer's breakthrough. He often sang on the job, which prompted He was already a major star in Jamaica and well known in Britain. He was 64. I related to those things and began to sing a little song: 'You get up in the morning and you're slaving for bread.' Desmond Dekker, who brought the sound of Jamaican ska to the world with songs such as "Israelites," has died, his manager said Friday. 1 hits in Jamaica. international hit. An energetic live performer, he was about to start a European summer tour and was booked to play in Prague next week. Meanwhile, Dekker spotted the talent of Bob Marley, a fellow welder, and brought the youth to Kong's attention. Free shipping for many products! Tips of My Fingers 5. Desmond Dekker discography and songs: Music profile for Desmond Dekker, born 16 July 1941. He suffered a heart attack and Although Mr. Dekker had no further hits in the United States, he continued to have hits in England with "It Mek" in 1969 and the first recording of Jimmy Cliff's "You Can Get It if You Really Want" in 1970. By the time I got home, it was complete. A string of hits followed with "Reggae Motion", "Take a Look", "Oh I Miss You", "Call Me Number One", "Be My Baby", and "Sad Sad Song". Dekker, who lived in England, co She was saying she needs money and he was saying the work he was doing was not giving him enough. The singer and songwriter, whose 1969 . producers turned him down before Leslie Kong signed Dekker to his label in Desmond Dekker passed away. [3], The new group recorded a number of Jamaican hits, including "Parents", "Get Up Edina", "This Woman" and "Mount Zion". It was during this period that Desmond Dacres adopted the stage-name of Desmond Dekker. ", Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Unflagging performer Desmond Dekker. Jamaican Spiced Easter Bun Recipe: Kerri-Anns 9 Side Dishes Jamaicans Serve with Jerk Chicken, The 6 Soups Every Jamaican Should Know How to Cook. UK ska-punk band Sonic Boom Six used a sample of the chorus as the outro to "Rum Little Skallywag". sold millions of copies, became the first purely Jamaican song to top the Dekker then recruited four brothers, Carl, Patrick, Clive and Barry Howard, as his permanent backing vocalists to perform with him under the name Desmond Dekker and the Aces. He had another hit in 1969, "It Mek," and a year later 1961. [1] Kong employed the group as backing singers for Dekker and they can be heard on the song "Get Up Adinah" (credited as The Four Aces). His workplace singing had drawn the attention of his co-workers, who encouraged him to pursue a career in music. Together with his backing group The Aces (consisting of Wilson James and Easton Barrington Howard), he had one of the earliest international reggae hits with "Israelites" (1968). The unsigned vocalist then auditioned for Leslie Kong's Beverley's record label and was awarded his first recording contract. of a heart attack, May 25, 2006, in London, England. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [9] Desmond headlined Jools Holland's 2003 Annual Hootenanny. Mr Dekker was born Desmond Dacres on July 16, 1941 in Kingston, Jamaica, and started working life as a welder before turning to singing full-time. Dekker soon garnered a wider audience with his songs, which were recorded Born July 16, 1941 Died May 24, 2006 (64) Add or change photo on IMDbPro Add to list Known for Fool's Gold 5.7 The song's title is Jamaican patois meaning "that's why" or "that's the reason. Desmond Adolphus Dacres (Desmond Dekker), singer and songwriter, born July 16 1941; died May 25 2006, Jamaican singer best known for The Israelites and It Miek, he helped launch the career of Bob Marley, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. "[8] The title has been the source of speculation,[9] but most settle on the Rastafarian Movement's association with the Twelve Tribes of Israel. He found fame with his band Desmond Dekker and the Aces - their international hit Israelites topped the UK charts and made the top 10 in the US. "007 (Shanty Town)" was included in the soundtrack of the film The Harder They Come,[13] and in the Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack from the Episodes from Liberty City add-on. ", He added: "People like Desmond Dekker only come along once in a lifetime. It took two years before Kong let Dekker record a song, and when he did, more rural part of the island, but returned to Kingston and by his late In 2000 he released the album "Halfway to Paradise." Search instead in Creative? Ska legend Desmond Dekker has died suddenly from a heart attack, his manager said today. The track was written by Dekker (under his real name of Desmond Dacres) and his record producer, Leslie Kong, and was recorded in Jamaica with the brass . The artist took a permanent residency in the UK in 1969. His 1980 album, "Black and Dekker," featured members of a venerable Jamaican band, the Pioneers, and Graham Parker's band, the Rumour. This Is Desmond Dekkar Review. "Israelites" was Dekker's only real hit in the United Born Desmond Dacres in Kingston, Jamaica on July 16, 1942, the star-to-be was orphaned in his teens. Most recently, it featured on the soundtrack of the 2019 film Vivarium. 2, p. 11; born in 1941 or 1942. The rhythm had been featured by Anthony B in 2008 on The Pow Pow Trilogy, ("Time For The Love"). The 64-year-old Jamaican, best known for his 1969 smash hit Israelites, collapsed at his home in Surrey yesterday morning. [1], Jamaica Independence Festival Song Contest, "Jamaica Ska Legend Winston Samuels Is Dead - News Americas NowCaribbean and Latin America Daily News", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Aces_(Jamaican_group)&oldid=1117842044, Easton Barrington "Barry" Howard (19651969), Winston James Samuels (left 1969, died 2017), This page was last edited on 23 October 2022, at 21:37. Together with his backing group The Aces (consisting of Wilson James and Easton Barrington Howard), he had one of the earliest international reggae hits with "Israelites" (1968). It Mek (sometimes appearing as "A It Mek" or German language "It Miek") was a 1969 hit song by the Jamaican musicians Desmond Dekker & the Aces.After being re-released in June 1969, the single reached number 7 in the UK Singles Chart. [5] Despite its cautionary sentiment, it cemented Dekker's popularity among rude boys in Jamaica,[2][6] in contrast to Dekker's earlier music, which espoused traditional morals such as parental respect and the importance of education. Desmond Dekker was a Jamaican ska, rocksteady and reggae singer-songwriter and musician. . , May 27, 2006, sec. He died peacefully but it still hurts. ", Reggae DJ Daddy Ernie, of Choice FM in London, said: "Any history book that you pick up on reggae, Desmond Dekker's name will have to be in there. Dubbed "the King of Ska," Desmond Dekker is one of the key artists in the history of Jamaican music. Reggae singer Desmond Dekker has died suddenly from a heart attack, aged 64. He was also a songwriter and a musician as well. He returned to the British charts with "Sing a Little Song" in 1975. He was orphaned as a teenager but made a success for himself after signing with Leslie Kong's Beverley's record label and releasing his first single, Honour Your Father and Mother, in 1963, a paean. Nincom Poop 8. Desmond Dekker, was born in Jamaica's Saint Andrew Parish on July 16, 1941, and was an early influencer with one of the earliest reggae hits, "Israelites." The ska, reggae and rock steady singer, songwriter and musician was introduced to music through the local church he attended as a child. considered the genre's first genuine star, but his fame would later Mr Williams said Dekker had led the way for reggae stars such as Bob Marley. Mr. Dekker was divorced and is survived by a son and daughter. Join our newsletter to get the latest articles, news, & videos. "Desmond was the first legend, believe it or not," he said. Later that decade, however, there was a revival of interest in journalist Jocelyn Y. Stewart. [6] Dekker also released "Problems" and "Pickney Gal", both of which were popular in Jamaica, although only "Pickney Gal" managed to chart in the UK top 50.[3]. On November 3, 2019, "Israelites" was prominently featured in the third episode of HBO's Watchmen. of the biblical era. The song established Dekker as a rude boy icon in Jamaica and also became a favourite dance track for the young working-class men and women of the United Kingdom's mod scene.
