High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. Has something like this ever happened to you? For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Weakness and fatigue. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Abnormal Motor Behavior. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Diarrhea. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. Treatment. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. 1. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. a - a mole that looks cancerous. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. Complications. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. Not able to pass stool or gas. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013).
